1923 Democracy and its Dictators: Mussolini, Benes, Poincare
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DEMOCRACY AND ITS DICTATORS
Article About Dictators: Edward Benes of Czechoslovakia, Mussolini of Italy and Poincare of France
(note: An Oakland Tribune May 24, 1949 article states that Muska Benes, Zbigniew Brzezinski's wife was tutored by Edward Benes)Note: When Edward Benes eldest brother, Vaclav Benes, passed away in 1919, Edward stepped in as surrogate father to his brother's sons, including nephews, Bohus Benes and Jiri and both nephews served in the Benes Regime as agitators, propagandists. Bohus held diplomatic positions throughout the world. Bohus's daughter,
Emilie "Muska" Benes. married Zbigniew Brzezinski. According to Nigel West's book about the United States counterintellegnce program,the Venona project, Edward Benes and Bohus Benes were outed as Soviet agents.
Emilie "Muska" Benes. married Zbigniew Brzezinski. According to Nigel West's book about the United States counterintellegnce program,the Venona project, Edward Benes and Bohus Benes were outed as Soviet agents.
Montgomery Advertiser
May 15, 1923
============BEGIN TEXT OF ARTICLE:
DEMOCRACY AND ITS DICTATORS.
Less than five years ago ths terrible and costly war of the nations ended with loud acclaims to the triumph which democracy had won. At the cost of nine million lives, the world had been made safe for democracy.
Today we find continental Europe under the domination of three dictators, none of them an Anglo-Saxon. The three dictators who control Europe are named by a writer in the New York Times as Raymond Poincare, Premier of France; Benito Mussolino, Premier of Italy, and the less known Edward Benes, Foreign Minister of Czecho-Slovakia. This latter, is, the promoter and organizer of, the so-called Little Entente.
Of the three men the writer says, "One of the three is Premier of a State which for ages has occupied the front rank. One is the Premier of a State which until about sixty years ago was aptly descrized as 'only a geographical expression.' The third is the Premier of a State born of the war. One is a long time politician, and publicist, one is an intellectual; one is a workingman, become politician. Each of the three is a virtual dictator notwithstanding that hls will is imposed under constitutional forms. No one of them is an Anglo-Saxon and no one has any particular sympathy with the political ideals which are supposed to in spire the Anglo-Saxon world.
"No three men could well be more unlike and yet the secret of their power is the same. Each is a theorist in the sense of having a clear and definite theory of what he means to do and how he intends to do it, and each has the will-power to scatter opposition and put a program into effect "Where every other head-of a European State has hesitated or wavered, or marked time, waiting like Micawber for something to turn up, the members of the triumvirate have laid their plans and gone straight ahead with them, quietly or forcibly brushing their neighbors aside when they could not bring them into line. Now they are in control and no one else does anything of importance, or is likely to do anything important, in the near future without first learning what the three are going to do."
The astonishing feature of the present European situation is the disappearance of Great Britain as a prime factor in continental Europe. Probably there has not been another time in the past three hundred years, when Great Britain did not have active allies on the continent and was not a prominent factor in European affairs. But Great Britain put all her eggs in the basket of the League of Nations. When the League did not live and march as an international arbiter, Great Britain, was the principal loser. Great Britain fared well in the disposition of the spoils of war at the Paris Peace Conference and her representatives worked out plans for Great Britain to preserve her place of preeminence in the future, but these plans fell to the earth with the League of Nations. Lloyd George was only too successful in putting over things at the Paris Conference, but they were not things of a permanent and lasting nature. "He found that he was like men in humbler walks of life who "put over things," they were in the long run more costly than had been expected.
The Times' writer says:
"The first, and in certain respects the most influential of the three, is M. Raymond Poincare, formerly President of the French Republic, and now one of the Senators from the Meuse Department and President of the Council, or Premier of France. His present influence in Europe is an after, war product Before the war .M. Poincare was one of the trusted legal advisers of some of the great industrial and financial corporations in France, which, acting in harmony with certain British trade in-terests, fought, the political and commercial expansion of 'Germany, and did their best to block the scheme of a Bagdad rail-' way and the extension of German influence in the direction of Persia and India. Elected President of the Republic, he was pushed into the background by Clemenceau when the peace came to be made, and he had less than almost any prominent person in France to do with the making of the Treaty of Versailles and the other peace treaties framed at Paris. The downfall, of the shifty Briand government brought a new opportunity, and M. Poincare, his place as President having been taken by M. Millerand, was lifted into the saddle.
"What is M. Poincare's theory, and what has he done? The theory and the practice run together, and both are clear. The first step was to extricate France from the serviency to England which had been one of the achievements of Lloyd George. Carefully avoiding an open rupture, yielding in appearance, but in appearance only, when the strain threatened to become tense, and all the while emphasizing tho common interests of the two nations in the maintenance of peace. M. Poincare has succeeded in cutting one by one the cords in which the Lloyd George diplomacy had entangled the Briand government and in giving France a free hand. On the all important question of Germany, Mr. Lloyd George said first one thing and then an-other; M. Poincare said only one thing and stuck to it Bosar Law and .Lord Curzon came to Paris to talk It over, and M. Poincare obligingly went to London, but the-French case did not change. Now, so far as the Continent is concerned, Great Britain is isolated and France Is in the lead.
"The instrument which the French Premier used was an insistence upon the full and sincere performance by Germany of its treaty obligations in the matter of reparations and upon the right of France to act alone if Great Britain and France could not act together. The British replies were able, but the French rejoinders were abler still, and facts, logic and willpower carried the dsy. A year ago France could hardly have entered the Ruhr without risking a serious explosion. Now, with Belgium at its side, it occupies the Ruhr in force without even a serious protest from Westminster, waves a regretful, but not too regretful, farewell to the retiring American troops, extracts from England a virtually free use of the railways which traverse the British tone of occupation, and announces its purpose to remain there, it is, and, if necessary, to widen and tighten its grip Until Germany yields and pays. It was a victory for a theory and a wilL. None of the powers interfered, because none of them knew what it wanted to do or was willing to act. There will be no interference now unless France is willing."
"Step by step Italy and France hav been drawn together by th action of France. A French ambassador has been accredited to the Vatican a Papal Nuncio has taken the old place of recognized head of the diplomatic corps at Paris, and the legal restrictions upon the Church in France are being lightened. Poland, its army trained by French officers and Marshal Foch, an honorary Polish Marshal as well, resembles politically a detached province of France, and substantial French loans have been forthcoming to supplement Polish resources. Roumania is another outpost of the new French influence."
We have been discussing continental Europe. But here is another huge territory once a great empire, now supine on its back that is generally considered a part of Europe and before the war a very important part of Europe. There, too, we find democracy has been disillusioned and a class government under the control of Lenine the dictator . Kings and prince's of high and low degree disappeared with the victory of the allies. But did nine million die and were mountains of treasures expended to set up four dictators? Democracy should be made of sterner stuff. And was the part of tha Anglo-Saxon in the war so small and obscure that it should be without standing or influence in the councils that rule the world. The Latin stands today in a position of commanding influence in world affairs that he probably never knew before.
The present situation is temporary, and the world lately has witnessed many changes. One of the coming changes is the inevitable welding of Great Britain and America into closer relationship than they have ever been before.
----
SOCIALISTS NOT BOLSHEVISTS.
The Socialists of the world are looking forward in keen anticipation to the assembling of the International Socialist Congress, which opens in Hamburg on May 21st. This congress, at which all the Socialist parties throughout the world will be represented, gains its significance first because it will mark the reunion of the Socialist Internationale which has been shattered for nearly ten years since the outbreak of the World War and second, it will mark the final break' between socialism as it is understood by organized labor in Western Europe and the Bolshevism of Russia.
The Russian Bolshevist party and its branches throughout the world which bear the name of the Communist parties of their respective countries, will be excluded. This is on the ground of both the Bolshevist policy and practice.
The American Federation of Labor through President Samuel Gompers and other officials sent out a letter Friday to all subordinate bodies heretofore affiliated with the Federation, excommunicating from the American body all Communist organizations and all subordinate organizations which are affiliated with and which take orders from the Bolshevists of Russian. This official letter marks the final outcome of a protracted controversy within the Federation, which was' marked by ths charge of Samuel Gompers that the Bolshevists of Russia were trying to oust the elected officers of the Federation and trying to destroy the Federation. The organizations which have encouraged Lenine and Trotzky and which have sought to bring about Communism, must now get out or march in close cooperation and harmony with the policies of the Federation.
---------
The National Federation for Free Thought and Social Action, with head quarters in Paris, formally announces tho discovery that Joan of Arc was not French, but German. That is something the German professors overlooked during the time of their war propaganda. Had they known about it they would have bored the world with endless repetition of the fact
---------
Less than five years ago ths terrible and costly war of the nations ended with loud acclaims to the triumph which democracy had won. At the cost of nine million lives, the world had been made safe for democracy.
Today we find continental Europe under the domination of three dictators, none of them an Anglo-Saxon. The three dictators who control Europe are named by a writer in the New York Times as Raymond Poincare, Premier of France; Benito Mussolino, Premier of Italy, and the less known Edward Benes, Foreign Minister of Czecho-Slovakia. This latter, is, the promoter and organizer of, the so-called Little Entente.
Of the three men the writer says, "One of the three is Premier of a State which for ages has occupied the front rank. One is the Premier of a State which until about sixty years ago was aptly descrized as 'only a geographical expression.' The third is the Premier of a State born of the war. One is a long time politician, and publicist, one is an intellectual; one is a workingman, become politician. Each of the three is a virtual dictator notwithstanding that hls will is imposed under constitutional forms. No one of them is an Anglo-Saxon and no one has any particular sympathy with the political ideals which are supposed to in spire the Anglo-Saxon world.
"No three men could well be more unlike and yet the secret of their power is the same. Each is a theorist in the sense of having a clear and definite theory of what he means to do and how he intends to do it, and each has the will-power to scatter opposition and put a program into effect "Where every other head-of a European State has hesitated or wavered, or marked time, waiting like Micawber for something to turn up, the members of the triumvirate have laid their plans and gone straight ahead with them, quietly or forcibly brushing their neighbors aside when they could not bring them into line. Now they are in control and no one else does anything of importance, or is likely to do anything important, in the near future without first learning what the three are going to do."
The astonishing feature of the present European situation is the disappearance of Great Britain as a prime factor in continental Europe. Probably there has not been another time in the past three hundred years, when Great Britain did not have active allies on the continent and was not a prominent factor in European affairs. But Great Britain put all her eggs in the basket of the League of Nations. When the League did not live and march as an international arbiter, Great Britain, was the principal loser. Great Britain fared well in the disposition of the spoils of war at the Paris Peace Conference and her representatives worked out plans for Great Britain to preserve her place of preeminence in the future, but these plans fell to the earth with the League of Nations. Lloyd George was only too successful in putting over things at the Paris Conference, but they were not things of a permanent and lasting nature. "He found that he was like men in humbler walks of life who "put over things," they were in the long run more costly than had been expected.
The Times' writer says:
"The first, and in certain respects the most influential of the three, is M. Raymond Poincare, formerly President of the French Republic, and now one of the Senators from the Meuse Department and President of the Council, or Premier of France. His present influence in Europe is an after, war product Before the war .M. Poincare was one of the trusted legal advisers of some of the great industrial and financial corporations in France, which, acting in harmony with certain British trade in-terests, fought, the political and commercial expansion of 'Germany, and did their best to block the scheme of a Bagdad rail-' way and the extension of German influence in the direction of Persia and India. Elected President of the Republic, he was pushed into the background by Clemenceau when the peace came to be made, and he had less than almost any prominent person in France to do with the making of the Treaty of Versailles and the other peace treaties framed at Paris. The downfall, of the shifty Briand government brought a new opportunity, and M. Poincare, his place as President having been taken by M. Millerand, was lifted into the saddle.
"What is M. Poincare's theory, and what has he done? The theory and the practice run together, and both are clear. The first step was to extricate France from the serviency to England which had been one of the achievements of Lloyd George. Carefully avoiding an open rupture, yielding in appearance, but in appearance only, when the strain threatened to become tense, and all the while emphasizing tho common interests of the two nations in the maintenance of peace. M. Poincare has succeeded in cutting one by one the cords in which the Lloyd George diplomacy had entangled the Briand government and in giving France a free hand. On the all important question of Germany, Mr. Lloyd George said first one thing and then an-other; M. Poincare said only one thing and stuck to it Bosar Law and .Lord Curzon came to Paris to talk It over, and M. Poincare obligingly went to London, but the-French case did not change. Now, so far as the Continent is concerned, Great Britain is isolated and France Is in the lead.
"The instrument which the French Premier used was an insistence upon the full and sincere performance by Germany of its treaty obligations in the matter of reparations and upon the right of France to act alone if Great Britain and France could not act together. The British replies were able, but the French rejoinders were abler still, and facts, logic and willpower carried the dsy. A year ago France could hardly have entered the Ruhr without risking a serious explosion. Now, with Belgium at its side, it occupies the Ruhr in force without even a serious protest from Westminster, waves a regretful, but not too regretful, farewell to the retiring American troops, extracts from England a virtually free use of the railways which traverse the British tone of occupation, and announces its purpose to remain there, it is, and, if necessary, to widen and tighten its grip Until Germany yields and pays. It was a victory for a theory and a wilL. None of the powers interfered, because none of them knew what it wanted to do or was willing to act. There will be no interference now unless France is willing."
"Step by step Italy and France hav been drawn together by th action of France. A French ambassador has been accredited to the Vatican a Papal Nuncio has taken the old place of recognized head of the diplomatic corps at Paris, and the legal restrictions upon the Church in France are being lightened. Poland, its army trained by French officers and Marshal Foch, an honorary Polish Marshal as well, resembles politically a detached province of France, and substantial French loans have been forthcoming to supplement Polish resources. Roumania is another outpost of the new French influence."
We have been discussing continental Europe. But here is another huge territory once a great empire, now supine on its back that is generally considered a part of Europe and before the war a very important part of Europe. There, too, we find democracy has been disillusioned and a class government under the control of Lenine the dictator . Kings and prince's of high and low degree disappeared with the victory of the allies. But did nine million die and were mountains of treasures expended to set up four dictators? Democracy should be made of sterner stuff. And was the part of tha Anglo-Saxon in the war so small and obscure that it should be without standing or influence in the councils that rule the world. The Latin stands today in a position of commanding influence in world affairs that he probably never knew before.
The present situation is temporary, and the world lately has witnessed many changes. One of the coming changes is the inevitable welding of Great Britain and America into closer relationship than they have ever been before.
----
SOCIALISTS NOT BOLSHEVISTS.
The Socialists of the world are looking forward in keen anticipation to the assembling of the International Socialist Congress, which opens in Hamburg on May 21st. This congress, at which all the Socialist parties throughout the world will be represented, gains its significance first because it will mark the reunion of the Socialist Internationale which has been shattered for nearly ten years since the outbreak of the World War and second, it will mark the final break' between socialism as it is understood by organized labor in Western Europe and the Bolshevism of Russia.
The Russian Bolshevist party and its branches throughout the world which bear the name of the Communist parties of their respective countries, will be excluded. This is on the ground of both the Bolshevist policy and practice.
The American Federation of Labor through President Samuel Gompers and other officials sent out a letter Friday to all subordinate bodies heretofore affiliated with the Federation, excommunicating from the American body all Communist organizations and all subordinate organizations which are affiliated with and which take orders from the Bolshevists of Russian. This official letter marks the final outcome of a protracted controversy within the Federation, which was' marked by ths charge of Samuel Gompers that the Bolshevists of Russia were trying to oust the elected officers of the Federation and trying to destroy the Federation. The organizations which have encouraged Lenine and Trotzky and which have sought to bring about Communism, must now get out or march in close cooperation and harmony with the policies of the Federation.
---------
The National Federation for Free Thought and Social Action, with head quarters in Paris, formally announces tho discovery that Joan of Arc was not French, but German. That is something the German professors overlooked during the time of their war propaganda. Had they known about it they would have bored the world with endless repetition of the fact
---------
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