Shakyamuni Triad with the Sixteen Protectors of the Great

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The historical Buddha Shakyamuni, known as Shaka in Japanese, sits on a lotus throne at the center of this painting\u2014impressive in size, precision of brushwork, and coloration. He is surrounded by an entourage of deities and sheltered by a jeweled canopy. Flanking Shaka are two bodhisattvas: Fugen (Sanskrit: Samantabhadra), mounted on an elephant, and Monju (Sanskrit: Manjushri), on a lion. Also represented are sixteen deities who protect the Buddhist scripture known as the Great Wisdom Sutra (Japanese: Daihannyaky\u014d; Sanskrit: Mahaprajnaparamita). Counted among the Sixteen Protectors are the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions.At the bottom right stands the Chinese monk Genj\u014d (Chinese: Xuanzang, 602\u2013664). He carries a scripture in his left hand and a brush in his right; on his back is a large portable chest containing Buddhist texts. These motifs symbolize Genj\u014d\u2019s prominent role as a Buddhist scholar and translator of sutras from India, including the Great Wisdom Sutra. A fierce red deity wearing a skull necklace\u2014the Jinja Daish\u014d (Great General of the Desert), who protected Genj\u014d during his travels in India\u2014stands opposite him. This painting would have been hung in a Buddhist temple during ceremonies at which the Great Wisdom Sutra was read aloud.

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