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\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627

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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Hutchinson and smith 1996) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627
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\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646
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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Hall 1996: 170).

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\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u201d Shallon 1977, Okely
1983, Holmes 1988\u2033. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632
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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (Parekh 2000, Loury
et al 2005). \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u201c\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u064a\u0643 Ulrich Beck\u201d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a
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\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 (Hilmes 1991, Panayi
1993) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627
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\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644
\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a
\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Hansen and Weil
2001).

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635
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(\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639). \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a
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• \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645: (\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644
  \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629).



• \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a
  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.



• \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627
  \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629).



• \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f
  \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642).



• \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631
  (\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629).



• \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f
  \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642).



• \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629
  \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0649).



• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 (\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642
  \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646).



• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646
  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629
  \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629).

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629.

\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646
(\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645
\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627
\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646
\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633
\u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645
\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 (Peach 2005, Modood 2005b). \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (Robinson and Valeny
2005). \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a
\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 (Cemlyn and Clark
2005).

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636
\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 (Morris and Clements
1999).

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 (Cemlyn and Clark 2005). \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649
\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 (Morris and Clements
2001). \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631
\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646 (Van cleemput et al
2004).

\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (2008 CDFC). \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 (Clarck 2004a). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (CDFC 2005). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (Clark 2004a).

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\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646
\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a
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\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0644\u0643
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.

\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a
\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988\u0645 (CRE I v Dutton). \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629
\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u0645 (O\u2019leary v Allied Domecq). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2003\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a
\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645
\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631/ \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629
\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631
\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646/ \u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646.

\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a: \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629
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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a.
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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (Craske 2000).

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Walvin 1973, Law
1981). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629
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\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (Peach 1996, Robinson and Valeny 2005).

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\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 1% \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 566 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627).
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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 (ONS 2006).

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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 16%. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 25% \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627
(25%) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Bardford 2006). \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629
\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 (Bardford 1999).

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 1986\u0645).

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\u0625\u0644\u0649 38 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643
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\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Garbin 2005). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a YMO\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (IFE) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a
\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f
\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (Garbin 2005).

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629.

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\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c
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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0634 Peach 2005\u201d \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.

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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 Mackpherson\u201d \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a
\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u201c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2001 \u2013 2005\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646
\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (Mason 2003).

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627

\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644
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\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f

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• \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645
  \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629
  (2005-2009). \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631
  \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644
  \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.
  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644
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  \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637
  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621
  \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649
  \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 (8-13
  \u0633\u0646\u0629) \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0645
  \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c
  \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639
  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646.



• \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
  (2004 \u2013 2008). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629
  \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629
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  \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a
  \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636
  \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644
  \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636
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  \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a
  \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627
  \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a
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  \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a
  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.



• \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 trust leverhulme: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629
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  \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 (2003- 2008). \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639
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Free picture \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 integrated with the OffiDocs web apps