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TAGS

ดาวน์โหลดหรือแก้ไขรูปภาพฟรี \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 สำหรับโปรแกรมแก้ไขออนไลน์ GIMP เป็นรูปภาพที่ถูกต้องสำหรับโปรแกรมแก้ไขกราฟิกหรือรูปภาพอื่นๆ ใน OffiDocs เช่น Inkscape ออนไลน์และ OpenOffice Draw ออนไลน์หรือ LibreOffice ออนไลน์โดย OffiDocs

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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ฮัทชินสันและสมิธ 1996) \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627
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\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a
\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627
\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (ฮอลล์ 1996: 170).

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c โรเบิร์ต ยง 2008\u201d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u061f \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c
\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629
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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646
\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646
\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0641\u064a\u062c
\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629
\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a (ทอดด์ 2008). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623
\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.

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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648
\u0645\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 ทูทง) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629
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\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 คอร์นวอลล์ (\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627). \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647
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1993) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a
\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (แฮนเซ่นและไวล์
2001)

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• \u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645: (\u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644
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• \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631
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• \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 (\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f
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• \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629
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• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 (\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642
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• \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646
  \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629
  \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629).

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629.

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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646
(\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f
\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0645
\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627
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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646
\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c. \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633
\u0636\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645
\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 (พีช 2005, Modood 2005b). \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (โรบินสันและวาเลนี
2005) \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a
\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645 (เซมลินและคลาร์ก
2005)

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636
\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 (มอร์ริสและเคลเมนต์ส
1999)

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 (เซมลินและคลาร์ก 2005). \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649
\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 (มอร์ริสและเคลเมนต์ส
2001) \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631
\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a
\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646 (แวน เคลมพุท et al
2004)

\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (2008 ซีดีเอฟซี) \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 (คลาร์ก 2004a). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646
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\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f (ซีดีเอฟซี 2005). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629
\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (คลาร์ก 2004a).

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\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 แกมมอน\u201d \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a ทำไม่ได้\u201d \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645
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\u064a\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645
\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646
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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d (เครสกี้ 2000).

\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0645\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (วอลวิน 1973 กฎหมาย
1981) \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629
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\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.

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\u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631
\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629
\u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (พีช 1996 โรบินสันและวาเลนี 2005)

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001\u0645
\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 1% \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 566 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627).
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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 (พ.ร.บ. 2006).

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\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646
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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 16%. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 25% \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627
(25%) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (บาร์ดฟอร์ด 2006). \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628
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\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 (บาร์ดฟอร์ด 1999).

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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 1986\u0645).

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\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u064a (เอ็มซีบี) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644
\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 (การ์บิน 2005). \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a วายเอ็มโอ\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a (ไอเอฟอี) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631
\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629.

\u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a
\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f
\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (การ์บิน 2005).

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629

\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629.

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c
\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u201c\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0634 พีช 2005\u201d \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628
\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646
\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629.

\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649
\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646
\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 แม็คเฟอร์สัน\u201d \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a
\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u201c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 2001 \u2013 2005\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0644
\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646
\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629
\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629
\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (เมสัน 2003).

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627

\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0627
\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u061f

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  \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.



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รูปภาพฟรี \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 ที่ผสานรวมกับเว็บแอป OffiDocs